The stomach acts as a reservoir and converts the episodic input of food from the oesophagus to a more continuous output of chyme into the duodenum. It is important in the mechanical breakdown of food and the chemical digestion of proteins.

Apart from its unique role in biliary and drug metabolism, the liver is central to the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. Lactate, an end product of carbohydrate and protein metabolism, is an important fuel source. The coagulation system d

Biotransformation of xenobiotics and recycling of endogenous substances are crucial for survival. The metabolic processes of both are the same, and are discussed together in this session.

Knowledge of liver function is essential for all clinicians. Understanding its unique functional structure underpins this knowledge

This session deals with the regulation of extra and intracellular hydrogen ion concentration.

This session expands the role of antidiuretic hormone, and discusses other hormonal systems involved in regulating sodium absorption. The concept of 'effective circulating volume', which is central to these systems, is defined.

This session will explain the importance of the interrelated functions of the loop of Henle, distal tubule and collecting tubule in the regulatory functions of the kidney.

This session describes the mechanisms behind alteration of tubular fluid composition after filtration has taken place, as well as the detailed functions of the proximal tubule.

This session introduces you to the overall structure of the functional elements of the kidney and their blood supply, as well as providing an overview of glomerular filtration.

This session describes the clinical features of visceral pain and neuropathic pain, and contrasts these with somatic pain. The neurological pathway is discussed and the principle of central sensitization.